Mushrooms are high in nutrients, including proteins, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive components like phenolic compounds, terpenes, steroids and polysaccharides. The demand for cultivating mushrooms is growing day by day, as people become more aware of its palatability and high nutritional worth. But diseases cause heavy losses in commercial mushroom farms worldwide. The output and productivity of commercial mushroom farming can be severely harmed by disease outbreaks. Intensive cultivation of edible mushrooms is commonly afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral infections which frequently result in significant production losses. Beside these, a number of non-infectious physiological disorders are found to occur frequently that reduce the yield of the crop. Warm temperatures, high humidity, and a low aeration rate, which are typical circumstances for mushroom growth, encourage the spread of these illnesses. Due to a short term crops, chemicals management of mushroom diseases are not recommended owing to residual dangers. As mushroom cultivation is a young, developing sector that is flourishing all over the world today. There is utmost necessary to pay greater attention to healthy mushroom production and proper disease management. In this article we described fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, several actinomycetes moulds and contaminants and non-infectious physiologic disorders that frequently occur in mushroom production farms. General and specific management practices of these diseases and disorders during mushroom production are also described.
VOLUME 17, ISSUE 03, MARCH, 2026
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) is an indispensable, hyphenated analytical technique that has profoundly influenced the areas of chemistry, life sciences, and medicine. By synergistically combining the high-resolution separation power of Liquid Chromatography (LC) with the unparalleled selectivity and sensitivity of Mass Spectrometry (MS), LC-MS enables the qualitative identification and precise quantitative analysis of complex mixtures. This review article highlights the fundamental principles of LC-MS, surveys recent advances in its instrumentation, and discusses its transformative applications across three critical domains like pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, and clinical diagnostics. Recent technological advances, especially in Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and High-Resolution Accurate Mass (HRAM) analyzers such as the Orbitrap, have secured LC-MS/MS as a gold-standard technique that continues to drive innovation in drug discovery, environmental contaminant monitoring, and personalized medicine.
Dans un contexte marqué par la rareté des ressources en eau et la recherche des solutions durables pour l’agriculture en zones arides. Des sociétés industrielles mettent en place des dispositifs d’épuration des eaux usées pour l’irrigation. Cet article s’inscrit dans l’analyse des impacts socio-économiques et environnementaux liés à l’utilisation des eaux épurées dans la culture maraichère. Elle a été conduite sur le site irrigué de la SOMAIR (Société des Mines de l’Aïr) au Niger, ou la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées constitue une alternative face à la pression croissante sur les ressources hydriques conventionnelles. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer les effets de l’irrigation à base d’eaux épurées.Ce travail n’est possible qu’en mettant en action les revenus des producteurs, la diversification des activités économiques, ainsi que les conditions de vie des ménages maraichers. Pour ce faire, une enquête de terrain a été réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de producteurs. Les données collectées ont été analysées à l’aide des outils statistiques descriptifs (analyses univariées et croisées), permettant de mettre en évidence les tendances socio-économiques et les perceptions environnementales. En effet, les résultats montrent que l’usage des eaux épurées contribue à l’augmentation des revenus (chez plus de 50% des exploitants), à une meilleure résilience économique (100%), ainsi qu’à un accès accru aux soins, à l’éducation et à l’alimentation (100%). Toutefois, les avis restent partagés concernant les impacts environnementaux: certains producteurs perçoivent des bénéfices écologiques (33% fertilité des sols, 17% lutte contre les sécheresses) tandis que d’autres expriment des inquiétudes liées à la salinisation (34%), la pollution (26%) et les maladies hydriques (40%).
In Benin, although the legal framework grants the Ombudsman of the Republic a central mandate in the prevention and resolution of disputes, the institution’s intervention in agro-pastoral conflicts remains structurally limited and only weakly effective in practice. This study examines the institutional, legal, and social factors that concretely restrict the institution’s room for maneuver in negotiating and monitoring mediation agreements between farmers and transhumant herders in the Zou Department. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study relies on semi-structured individual interviews and participant observation as methods of data collection. Fifty-two informants participated in the interviews. They were selected through purposive sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The analysis of the data, informed by Weberian bureaucratic theory, highlights an internal organizational structure composed of interdependent services operating under the administrative authority of the Ombudsman. However, the absence of binding powers significantly limits the institution’s ability to enforce and sustain mediation agreements, particularly in the field of agro-pastoral conflicts. Ultimately, the findings show that although the legal texts formally grant a certain degree of flexibility to the Ombudsman’s scope of action, this scope is substantially reduced by structural, organizational, political, and social constraints.
The selective targeting ability of nanoparticles has overshadowed conventional cancer therapies. Recent studies have reported the anticancer potential of ZnO nanoparticles due to their high biocompatibility and selectivity. Through this study, the anticancer potential of biogenically synthesized glucose-capped (GC ZnO-NPs) and uncapped ZnO nanoparticles (UC ZnO-NPs) by aqueous leaf extract of Solanum nigrum has been assessed against the triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell line through induction of apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The GC ZnO-NPs nanoparticles exhibited controlled cytotoxicity (IC50=63.6 µg/mL) compared to UC ZnO-NPs(IC50=108.8 µg/mL), which may be due to surface passivation that might have modulated nanoparticle-cell surface interactions. These findings suggest that modifying the surface properties of ZnO nanoparticles with biocompatible moieties can enhance their therapeutic potential, offering promising avenues for personalized nanotherapeutics and precision oncology.
When the ethnic conflict in Manipur erupted with devastating force in May 2023, the world's attention quickly polarised around two primary communities: the valley-dominant Meitei (predominantly Hindu) and the hill-dwelling Kuki-Zo (predominantly Christian). Villages burned, thousands were displaced, and the fault lines of ethnicity, religion, and land rights tore open the social fabric of one of India's most culturally layered states. Yet in the architecture of this tragedy, one community has remained persistently invisible - the Pangal, the Muslim of Manipur. The Pangal occupy a paradoxical position in the ongoing crisis. Ethnically, linguistically, and culturally bound to Manipur, they share the valley, the mother tongue, and many of the social customs of their Hindu counterparts. And yet, as Muslims, they are viewed with suspicion by segments of their own ethnic community, while remaining outside the fold of solidarity extended to Kuki or Naga. They belong everywhere and nowhere - a community whose very existence complicates the neat binaries that partisan narratives of the Manipur crisis prefer. This paper seeks to examine the distinct vulnerabilities, political marginalisations, and quiet acts of survival that define the Pangal experience within the current conflict. It argues that understanding their position is not peripheral but essential to any honest reckoning with the deeper crisis of belonging, citizenship, and pluralism in Manipur.
Mobilizable fresh water is a scarce and precious resource, generally stored in groundwater aquifers. Therefore, for effective management, it is essential to understand and simulate groundwater flow in saturated porous media. In our work, we presented the general principles of groundwater hydraulics and established the diffusivity equation. A numerical solution based on discretization using the finite difference method was developed. The results of the numerical simulation of a pumping test, performed using this mathematical model and represented by curves and tables showing the evolution of the head at a given distance from the well, were considered equivalent to those of an experimental setup. This allowed us to verify, in steady state, the radius of influence of the pumping test in the porous medium and, in transient state, its hydrodynamic parameters. The results obtained, compared with those of the numerical model, showed satisfactory agreement. This work opens up interesting perspectives for the modeling of aquifer systems and the management of groundwater resources.
This study provides the first assessment of the morphometry, length–weight relationship, and condition factor of Sarpa salpa in the Bizerte Lagoon, northern Tunisia, to enhance understanding of its population structure and growth dynamics. Morphometric traits, including body shape, fin dimensions, and eye and orbital measurements, were analyzed to provide a detailed description of the species’ morphology. The length-weight relationship indicated negative limitations in food availability, although the satisfactory condition index suggests that allometric growth, suggesting that fish grow more in length than in weight, whereas the Fulton condition factor reflected an overall good physiological state. The observed negative allometry may indicate potential the lagoon environment remains generally suitable for the species. These contrasting results emphasize the complex interaction between growth patterns and environmental conditions. The findings offer valuable baseline data on the biology and health of S. salpa populations, contributing to the sustainable management and future ecological monitoring of lagoonal ecosystems.
Chronic allergic rhinitis is a relapsing inflammatory condition often associated with impaired quality of life and long-term dependence on conventional medication. This case study documents a young female patient with chronic allergic rhinitis with nasal polyposis and intermittent bronchial symptoms of over two years’ duration, unresponsive to conventional management. A classical homeopathic approach based on individualization, life-space exploration, totality of symptoms, and miasmatic understanding was adopted. Over a 19-month treatment period, the patient demonstrated sustained symptomatic remission, normalization of laboratory markers, psychological stabilization, and significant improvement in health-related quality of life. This case demonstrates clear and sustained transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s Homeopathy Clinic.
Recurrent tonsillitis with allergic diathesis and low immunity is a common pediatric challenge, often leading to repeated antibiotic exposure without lasting relief. This case describes the holistic management of a 7-year-old male with recurrent tonsillitis, paroxysmal nocturnal cough, vomiting with cough, nasal obstruction, and strong allergic background, unresponsive to conventional management for over two years. A classical homeopathic approach based on individualization, totality of symptoms, and miasmatic understanding was adopted. Over a structured follow-up period, the child showed sustained improvement in immunity, respiratory health, and general well-being, demonstrating a clear transformation achieved through individualized homeopathic treatment at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Female Pattern Hair Loss (FPHL) is a chronic, progressive condition with significant psychosocial impact. Conventional and supportive therapies often provide limited or temporary relief. This case report documents the successful homeopathic management of a long-standing case of Female Androgenetic Alopecia Grade III with associated emotional stress, hair thinning, and scalp visibility. After multiple unsuccessful therapeutic attempts elsewhere, the patient showed sustained clinical improvement in hair fall, density, scalp coverage, and emotional well-being following individualized homeopathic treatment. This case highlights a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Bullous pemphigoid is a chronic autoimmune blistering disorder that significantly impairs quality of life. Conventional management often provides only temporary symptomatic relief with frequent relapses. This case report presents a 26-year-old female with recurrent vesiculo-bullous eruptions on both hands, associated with intense burning, itching, peeling of skin, and emotional distress, who had an inadequate response to prior conventional therapies. A classical homeopathic approach based on detailed case-taking, totality of symptoms, repertorization, and constitutional prescribing was adopted. Progressive clinical improvement with sustained remission and overall psychosomatic transformation was observed during follow-up. This case highlights a definitive transformation achieved through individualized homeopathic treatment at Dr Batra’s Homeopathy Clinic.
This study presents an adaptive, optimization-based framework for the aerodynamic design and performance enhancement of wind turbine blade airfoil profiles operating under variable wind speed conditions. The proposed approach simultaneously optimizes key geometric parameters airfoil shape, chord distribution, and twist angle to maximize the power coefficient and improve overall energy capture efficiency. Eight NACA 4-digit airfoils are adopted as baseline configurations and systematically optimized using a parametric search strategy. Standard NACA analytical formulations are employed for airfoil coordinate generation, followed by adaptive modifications to camber, thickness, chord, and twist distributions to enhance aerodynamic responsiveness under fluctuating wind regimes. MATLAB is utilized as the primary simulation platform for geometric modeling, aerodynamic coefficient estimation, and performance evaluation. The results demonstrate that the optimized airfoil configurations exhibit refined geometric profiles, improved chord–twist adaptability, reduced drag penalties, and significantly higher lift-to-drag ratios compared to their baseline counterparts. Power coefficient improvements of up to 12.5% are achieved, alongside lift-to-drag ratio enhancements exceeding 30% for selected profiles. These findings confirm that adaptive geometric optimization substantially improves aerodynamic efficiency, stabilizes energy extraction, and enhances operational robustness of wind turbines subjected to variable wind conditions. The proposed framework provides a reliable and computationally efficient foundation for next-generation wind turbine blade aerodynamic design.
Lichen PlanusPigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic inflammatory pigmentary disorder that significantly impacts quality of life and often shows limited response to conventional management. This case study documents the successful classical homeopathic management of a middle-aged female presenting with progressive facial hyperpigmentation unresponsive to topical and supportive therapies. A detailed individualistic evaluation based on mental, physical, and general characteristics was undertaken, followed by repertorization and constitutional prescribing. Marked clinical improvement with sustained remission and enhanced quality of life was observed over a one-year treatment period. This case highlights a holistic transformation achieved through individualized homeopathic intervention at Dr Batra’s Homeopathy Clinic.
Palmo-plantar psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory dermatosis that significantly affects daily functioning and quality of life. Conventional and alternative systems often provide temporary relief with frequent relapses. This case study presents the long-term classical homeopathic management of a young adult male suffering from palmo-plantar psoriasis since early childhood, with recurrent winter aggravations and functional disability. Despite previous treatments, the condition persisted with repeated relapses. Individualized homeopathic treatment based on totality, constitutional assessment, and miasmatic understanding resulted in sustained clinical improvement, reduction in relapses, and enhancement of quality of life. A clear clinical and functional transformation was achieved at Dr Batra’s Homeopathy Clinic.
Dans le but de mettre en évidence la qualité des eaux et le risque des dégradations des sols agricoles dans le département de Loug-Chari, une étude a été réalisée. Une campagne de terrain a été menée pendant la période des basses eaux (mars 2023). Au cours de cette campagne, les paramètres physiques tels que le pH, la conductivité électrique, la température et le TDS ont été mesurés dans 24 ouvrages dont 2 puits ouverts, un échantillon d’eau de surface et 22 forages à motricité humaine. Un total de 25 échantillons d’eaux a été prélevé y compris l’eau de surface (le Chari). Ces échantillons ont été prélevés dans les flacons de 750 ml et expédiés au frais jusqu’au laboratoire national des eaux (LNE) pour l’analyse des paramètres chimiques (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-). Les résultats obtenus des paramètres in-situ ont montré que les eaux ont un pH variant entre 6,11 à 7,25 pour moyen 7,25 dans les ouvrages, et la température mesurée avoisine de la température de l’air ambiante qui est de 31,5°C. La conductivité électrique oscille entre 62µS/cm à 1323 µS/cm pour une moyenne de 412,60 µS/cm. Les valeurs de paramètres physiques mesurés sur le terrain respectent la norme de l’OMS. Les concentrations des paramètres chimiques analysés au laboratoire varient entre 3,28 mg/L à 72 mg/L avec une moyenne de 18,61 mg/L pour un écart de 13,55 mg/L. Ces valeurs sont inférieures à la norme de l’OMS (200 mg/L).Elles oscillent pour un minimum de 4,6 mg/L et 71 mg/L avec une moyenne de 28,92 mg/L et un écart de 16,76 mg/L pour le sodium. Ces analyses ont montré que la teneur en ion magnésium est faible dans les échantillons d’eau étudiés(0,437 mg/L et 26,244 mg/L). La valeur moyenne est de 4,73 mg/L et un ecartype de 6,24 mg/L. Le potassium, avec une concentration moyenne de 2,25 mg/L et un écart de 1,27 mg/L, pour un minimum de 0,4 mg/L et un maximum de 5,6 mg/L. L’anion, le plus dominant dans les échantillons analysés est le bicarbonate dont les teneurs varient entre 12,2 mg/L à 292,8 mg/L avec une moyenne de 80,54 mg/L. Ils ont un écart de 65,40 mg/L. Pour le chlorure, la moyenne est de 20,42 mg/L avec un minimum de 3 mg/L et un maximum de 70 mg/L dont l’écart est de 13,39 mg/L. Toutes ses concentrations sont inférieures à 250 mg/L (seuil de potabilité de l’OMS, 2004). Les teneurs en ion sulfate sont faibles dans les eaux. Elles varient de 0,00 mg/L à 68,00 mg/L avec une moyenne de 16,28 mg/L et d’un ecartype de 16,46 mg/L. Toutes ses valeurs sont inférieures à la norme de l’OMS (soit 250 mg/L). La moyenne des teneurs en nitrate de nos eaux est de 7,14 mg/L avec un minimum de 2,00 mg/L et un maximum de 22,00 mg/L dont son écart est 3,79 mg/L. Quantau fer, ses concentrations tournent autour de 0,01mg/L à 2,00 mg/L avec une moyenne de 0,18 mg/L, un ecartype de 0,50 mg/L. selon les consignes de l’OMS, certaines eaux contiennent des teneurs en fer qui dépassent la directive internationale (OMS = 0,3 mg/L). Pour l’ammonium, ses concentration moyenne est de 0,85 mg/L et atteint un minimum de 0,06 mg/L et un maximum de 3,6 mg/L. Ses teneurs sont supérieures à la norme de l’OMS (1,5 mg/L) dans certains forages ou puits et d’autres ont de teneurs inferieures à la norme de l’OMS (1,5 mg/L). L’acquisition des eaux en éléments chimiques dissouts s’effectuent par lessivage des roches encaissantes, et cela s’effectue par les processus d’échanges des bases. Les résultats d’analyses obtenus reportés dans le Diagramme de Piper ont permis d’identifier le faciès bicarbonaté calcique et magnésien et le faciès bicarbonaté sodique et potassique (figure 3A).
In response to the alarming rise in obesity and hypertension among young people, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of regularly playing the traditional game " Lipato " as an extracurricular activity on the body composition and blood pressure of students in rural areas. The study was conducted on a sample of 64 students aged 18 to 22, divided into two equal groups: an experimental group (EG) that participated in a " Lipato " playing program for 12 weeks during the school holidays, and a control group (CG) that received no intervention. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (BMI, muscle mass, body water), and blood pressure (maximum heart rate, mean arterial pressure) were recorded before and after the protocol. The results showed significant improvements in the EG compared to the CG: reduced weight and BMI, and increased muscle mass and body water. A notable decrease in maximum heart rate and mean arterial pressure was also observed. Regular practice of the game "Lipato" contributes to improving students' physical and cardiovascular health. Integrating this game into extracurricular activity programs or during school holidays could represent an effective strategy for preventing obesity and hypertension in rural schools.
Predicting student academic performance from smartphone usage patterns requires careful preprocessing of heterogeneous mobile sensor data before deep learning model training. This research introduces AMIN (Adaptive Multimodal Imputation and Normalization), a systematic preprocessing framework designed to standardize noisy, incomplete smartphone behavioral data for educational prediction tasks. Through empirical evaluation across multiple deep learning architectures, we demonstrate that strategic preprocessing choices substantially impact model performance—often exceeding the improvements gained from architectural modifications alone. The AMIN framework integrates temporal-aware imputation for missing values, modality-specific normalization tailored to different sensor types, and per-student baseline adjustment to prevent identity-based shortcuts in learning. Comparative analysis shows AMIN achieving performance improvements of 8-14% over conventional preprocessing approaches across MLP, LSTM, and Bi-LSTM architectures. This work establishes a reproducible baseline preprocessing methodology that enhances model stability, enables fair architectural comparisons, and facilitates adoption of standardized practices in educational data science research.
The goal of the current study is to conduct a comparative analysis of neural network architectures based on vulnerabilities identified by Open Worldwide Application Security Project in a web application context. This study comes from a descriptive and quasi-experimental model and is real data based empirical research. Moreover, in this study we identify the study as applied as the research aims to establish practical knowledge in a subject area. Our dataset is historical (post event), and the research design used is descriptive-correlational. We develop and analyze four different types of neural networks: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Hybrid Neural Networks (Hybrid NNs) in our experiment. To accurately predict, identify and block cyberattacks, the structures were trained on past internet usage data. The research design involved the design of the web page, data collection for cyberattacks and normal operational data, data cleaning, design of the neural network, training of the network, integration of the network inside the web page, blocking mechanism for malicious requests, and performance evaluation of the neural networks. The models resulted in precision, recall and F1 values, together with an area under the ROC curve of 0.98, that reflects their effectiveness in appropriately segmenting related data. Furthermore, none of the models showed a risk of overfitting since they had approximately identical accuracy levels for both training and validation set, with no significant discrepancies noted. After training using FLASK API the models were also added in web page. After running high-intensity OWASP ZAP attacks it was observed that this program can spot the attacks efficiently and block an end user by entering bad information. In addition, the predictive, detecting, and blocking of cyber-attacks by three neural networks at the same rate (NN, RNN, and Hybrid) was 90% and the entire attack frequency was observed. Index Terms: Web application security, artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, hybrid neural networks.
The effect climate variability on forage production wasstudied in november 2025 in Batha Province in Chad. About 100 questionnaires were distributed to livestock farmers and to collect informations about some climatic parameters in Batha province of Chad. The objectif was to analyse climatic parameters that affect forage production and adaptativestratégies of breeders. The results indicate an increase trend warming accross the sahel, with the hottest months sited between April and May. Littérature reviews reveles that, expected increase in temperature is aroud 2°C by 2050 in the West sahelian Africa. However, annual rainfal fluctuates has been observed over more than three decades in the province of Batha. During these decates, only year 1991, 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2024 registered the higher level of rainfall, with the months of June and august being the months of high precipitation (273,44 mm).The effects of variablity of climatic parametters was the decrease in forage biomass (6,537270 of tons) compared to the dmand (22,289,088 tonsof dry mater) in 2023. Since feeds and nutrients needs of animale and breeders are not satisfayed (famine, 23,5%),they practiceclimatic mobilities (20,5%) southward searching for sustainable forage biomass for survival. This mobility olso creates conflicts between crop farmers and livestock breeders. As a resilient mesures, some periurban breeders make use of crop residus and agroindustrial byproducts as feeds supplments to maintain animal productitivities in the dry season. For sustainable food production, farmers should be organized and trained for proper natural ressourcesmanagement, integrated crops and livestock farming, forage production and banks of forages makingin the dry season in sahelian zones.
Amblyopia, usually known as "lazy eye," is a childhood vision disorder resulting from impaired coordination between the brain and the eye during early visual development, leading to reduced vision in one eye. It is a universal public health concern, affecting 1-5% of the population, with higher prevalence in developing countries due to limited access to early diagnosis and treatment. Untreated amblyopia can cause permanent vision loss, impacting education and career prospects. In Indiastudies highlight the prevalence of amblyopia, emphasizing the necessity for awareness, early detection, and improved access to treatment. The All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS) underscores the importance of timely intervention in its guidelines for amblyopia management, addressing challenges like limited awareness and access to eye care services.The primary course of management once there is a suspected refractive amblyopia is to first fully correct for the refractive error, followed by intermittent periods of patching or pharmacological blurring to promote use of the amblyopic eye once improvements in visual acuity have stabilized.
This study investigates the corrosion inhibition efficacy of a green-synthesized zinc acetate–reduced graphene oxide composite, prepared using aqueous Helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, for mild steel in aggressive corrosive environments. The composite was synthesized through sequential green reduction of graphene oxide in the plant extract, followed by incorporation of zinc-based nanoparticles derived from zinc acetate under alkaline conditions, yielding a black powdered material with a final mass of 1.42 g. Gravimetric weight loss measurements were conducted on machined mild steel coupons (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) immersed in 1 M HCl (acidic), 1 M KOH (alkaline), and 1 M K₂SO₄ (neutral salt) solutions at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 °C) for durations of 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. Inhibitor concentrations ranged from 0.050 to 0.125 g/L, with a commercial paint coating and uninhibited blanks serving as benchmarks. In 1 M HCl, the composite exhibited moderate, concentration- and time-dependent inhibition, achieving maximum efficiencies of 20–24% at 0.125 g/L over longer immersions, though significantly inferior to the paint coating (57–80%). In contrast, the composite demonstrated excellent performance in 1 M KOH, particularly at low concentrations (0.050–0.075 g/L), reaching efficiencies up to 95–98% by stabilizing passive films, often surpassing the paint. In 1 M K₂SO₄, the inhibitor effectively reduced weight loss compared to the blank, confirming its versatility. These findings highlight the composite's promising eco-friendly potential, especially in alkaline and neutral saline media, due to synergistic barrier and adsorptive effects from reduced graphene oxide and zinc species. Recommendations include optimization of synthesis parameters and inhibitor dosage for enhanced acidic performance, supplementation with electrochemical and surface characterization studies (e.g., EIS, SEM, XPS) to elucidate mechanisms, and exploration of longer immersion periods or real-world industrial simulations to advance its application in sustainable corrosion protection strategies.
This Crown pillars are essential structural elements for the stability and safety of underground mines, particularly when they separate underground excavations from the surface or an adjacent open pit. At the Fekola gold mine, the transition from open-pit to underground mining of a shallowplugingorebodyled to the formation of a crown pillar with an irregularshape and steep inclination, presenting a particular geomechanical challenge. This study aims to assess the stability of thisatypical crown pillar as part of the plannedmining sequence. The methodology is based on three-dimensional numerical modeling using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion within the MAP3D software. The input parameters were determined from an integrated geotechnical database, including deepborehole logs, laboratory tests (UCS, triaxial, Brazilian), as well as rock mass classification (RMR and Q′). Several mining scenarios, including full extraction and the strategicabandonment of certain sites combined with back filling with cemented rock (CRF), were simulated. The main results show that the complete extraction of all plannedstopes leads to localized instabilities, with safety factors below 1.0. Stability is effectively restored by leaving four stopesunmined, which increases the effective thickness of the pillar and allows for a more favorable stress redistribution. This work confirms the relevance of using advanced 3D numerical modeling, coupled with the Hoek-Brown criterion, for the safe design of complex crown pillars in hybridmining contexts.
Independent researchers operating outside formal academic institutions frequently encounter structural barriers to scholarly participation, including limited access to peer-review channels, epistemic skepticism toward non-affiliated authors, and reduced bibliometric visibility. While open-access publishing has expanded dissemination opportunities, it has not fully resolved legitimacy asymmetries embedded in institutional science (Merton, 1973; Latour, 1987). This articledraws on the author’s own longitudinal researchexamining the methodological transition of an independent researcher from marginal academic positioning to sustained participation within the peer-reviewed scholarly ecosystem—while maintaining full institutional independence. Using verifiable bibliometric data (DOIs, ORCID records, indexed publications), conference proceedings, and interdisciplinary peer-review outcomes from 2005–2025, the study identifies concrete strategies enabling scholarly integration. Results indicate that independence and scholarly legitimacy are not mutually exclusive when methodological rigor, transparent metrics, bibliometric traceability, and discipline-appropriate framing are systematically applied. The article proposes a replicable pathway model for independent researchers seeking scholarly integration without institutional affiliation, contributing to contemporary discussions on open science, decentralization of research authority, and post-institutional knowledge production.
Cette étude a été conduite pour tester l’efficacité de deux nouvelles formules d’engrais organo-minéraux sur la croissance et la productivité de l’arachide. L’essai a été implanté durant l’hivernage 2023à l’InstitutSupérieur de Formation Agricole et Rural (ISFAR) de Bambey. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé a été un bloc de fisheravec quatre répétitions. Le facteur étudiéétait la fertilisation organo-minérale avecquatre modalités (traitement) : T0 (témoin absolu) ; T1 (200 kg. ha-1 de6-20-10, témoin de référence) ; T2 (250 kg.ha-1TOP FERTI TC) ; T3 (200 kg.ha-1TOP FERTI T10. Les paramètres étudiés ont étéla hauteur, l’encombrement et la vigueur des plantes pour les paramètres de croissance ; les rendements en gousses, graines et fanes, le poids de 100 graines et l’indice de maladie pour lesparamètres de rendement. Les résultats obtenus n’ont montré aucun effet significatifentre les performances de T0 et les deux nouvelles formules d’engrais, sur les composantes de rendement étudiés.Cependant, une différence significative a été notée pour certains paramètres de croissance comme la hauteur et l’encombrement oùT0est resté l’engrais le plus performant durant toute la phase de végétation. Enfin, il n’ya pas de différence significative entre les deux nouvelles formules d’engrais organo-minérales.
Introduction: In asthma patients, reductions in FEV3 and FEV6 may reflect early bronchial obstruction and disease severity. This study aimed to evaluate FEV3 and FEV6 as complementary spirometric parameters to FEV1 for assessing asthma severity and control. Material and methods: Multicenter prospective cross-sectional study exhaustively including 221 adult asthma patients recruited from pulmonology departments at Oran University Hospital (EHU) and Bechar Hospital (EPH) from 04/01/2020 to 12/31/2023. Patients were classified according to GINA guidelines for asthma severity (intermittent, mild, moderate, severe) and control status (controlled, partially controlled, uncontrolled). Spirometric measurements (FEV1, FEV3, FEV6, FVC) were obtained using standardized procedures and expressed as percentages of predicted values. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests for categorical variables, Student t-tests and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables, and Pearson/Spearman correlations. Significance was set at p<0.05 using SPSS software. Results: A population of 221 asthma patients was collected. Mean age was 48.9±15.3 years with female predominance (sex ratio 0.27). Asthma was divided according to its severity into intermittent asthma in 2.7% of cases, mild in 46.2% of cases, moderate in 47.5% of cases, and severe in 3.6% of cases. Total control is present in 29.9% of cases while it is impaired (partially controlled and uncontrolled) in 70.1% of cases.FEV1<80% predicted in 50.5% of cases (women 52.9% vs men 42.6%) and 60 years). Negative correlations between age and FEV1 (r=-0.173, p=0.01), FEV3, and FEV6. Mean FEV1/FEV3/FEV6 values decreased significantly with increasing asthma severity (ANOVA p<0.001) and worsening control (p<0.001). Higher FEV3/FEV6 values observed in physically active patients (p=0.03). Conclusion: FEV3 and FEV6 accurately reflect asthma severity and control, predicting FEV1 without replacing it as the reference parameter. Their systematic integration into spirometric protocols would optimize monitoring, particularly in patients with limited cooperation.
The study presents the design, simulation in SolidWorks and experimental validation of a mobile solar air cooler using clay as the base material. Faced with the challenges of climate change and limited access to conventional air conditioning in developing countries, this system offers an energy-autonomous and economically viable alternative. The methodology includes a literature review, multi-physics thermal modelling coupling heat transfer in porous media and fluid dynamics, the optimal choice of components (clay, 145.39 Wp photovoltaic panel, 50 Ah battery, fan) and the experimental characterisation of the prototype. Simulations were used to optimise the geometry and predict thermal distributions. The experimental results show a temperature reduction of 5°C (indoor temperature of 25°C for 30°C outdoors) with a relative humidity of 55%, an autonomy of one (01) day and a daily consumption of 537.6 Wh.
This study focuses on the physico-mechanical and geotechnical properties of natural gravels and granite collected from two localities in the Kouilou Department (Congo). The research was conducted on two deposits of natural gravels, located respectively in Malélé and Boubissi, as well as on a crushed granite deposit in Louvoulou. The main objective was to optimize the physico-mechanical and geotechnical characteristics of these materials, or to highlight their specific performance criteria, with a view to their rational use in public works—particularly for their integration into road pavement structures.A comprehensive testing program was carried out, including identification tests, mechanical tests, and road performance tests (Los Angeles and Micro-Deval), in order to determine the geotechnical and mechanical properties of the materials. The results show that all three materials have low natural moisture contents. The materials were classified into well-defined particle size ranges: 0/40 mm for the Malélé gravels and the Louvoulou granite, and 0/31.5 mm for the Boubissi natural gravel. Proctor compaction tests revealed excellent compactability for all the studied materials, with high maximum dry densities (greater than 2.0 g/cm³) and moderate optimum moisture contents.The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests indicated moderate bearing capacities, allowing the materials to be classified as medium-bearing soils (class S4 according to road classification standards). Regarding road performance tests, the natural gravels from Malélé and Boubissi yielded generally satisfactory results, though stabilization (through hydraulic binders or additives) is required to fully meet the standards prescribed by the Los Angeles abrasion and Micro-Deval fragmentation tests. The crushed granite from Louvoulou, on the other hand, exhibited excellent performance in all road-related tests, confirming its robustness, wear resistance, and dimensional stability.Overall, the results demonstrate that the studied materials possess physical, mineralogical, and mechanical characteristics compatible with their use in the lower layers of pavement structures. Their application is recommended for use in subgrade, sub-base, and possibly base layers, particularly under low to moderate traffic conditions.
Rice is one of the most widely used staple foods in the world. However, its production is still very limited compared to the exponentially growing demand. Senegal, with an average consumption of 90 kg/habitant, is the third largest importer of rice in Africa. Aware of the impact of imports on the population, Senegal has set itself the objective of achieving food self-sufficiency by 2022 with an average yield of 5T/ha. ISRA, through its research, contributes to the achievement of this objective by developing adapted technologies. It is within this framework that a participatory evaluation of 30 new anther culture lines was conducted at the ISRA research station in Fanaye during the hot dry season of 2020. Surveys were conducted among producers through guided tours, while observations and measurements were made to collect agro-morphological parameters and characteristics preferred by producers. The agronomic results analysed and combined with the surveys made it possible to select the 10 best performing varieties. Among these 10 best performing lines, 6 were chosen by the producers. They are KF18134, KF18040, KF18068, KF18103, KF18124, KF18048, KF18005, KF18017, KF18001, KF18024. Crop yield is the first characteristic chosen by the growers. It was followed by short cycle characteristics, panicle load, low bird damage and medium height.
Artificial intelligence has become a most discussed term with the advent of technology, especially in this digital era. It is the ability of a computer or any other computer-controlled device to perform tasks that needs the application of intelligence like a human. The application of AI is seen in almost every aspect of human life, and education is no exception. This study intended to know the awareness of students studying in music colleges on the application of AI in music education. The study was conducted by taking a sample of 149 from different music colleges in Kerala and collecting data using an awareness test. The differential effect of gender and stream of study (vocal/instrumental) were analyzed.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and progressive joint damage. Globally, it affects approximately 0.5–1% of the population, with a higher prevalence in women. The homeopathic approach to RA emphasizes individualized treatment by addressing both physical symptoms and underlying emotional or constitutional factors. This case study highlights the successful management of a long-standing RA case using classical homeopathy, with the patient reporting significant improvement under care at Dr Batra’s.
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic, relapsing pigmentary disorder that significantly affects quality of life due to its cosmetic and psychological impact. This case study documents the long-term management of severe facial and cervical LPP in an adult female patient who had progressive hyperpigmentation with dermal thickening and psychosocial distress. Despite the chronicity and poor prognosis generally associated with LPP, individualized classical homeopathic treatment resulted in gradual, sustained improvement, stabilization of disease activity, and restoration of patient confidence. The case highlights the role of holistic case-taking, mental-emotional assessment, individualized remedy selection, and long-term follow-up, demonstrating a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s Homeopathy Clinic.
Lichen Male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a chronic, progressive condition with significant psychosocial impact, often showing limited response to conventional and unsupervised interventions. This case report presents a 23-year-old male with early-onset AGA of 5–6 years’ duration, associated with frequent relocations, disturbed lifestyle, emotional suppression since childhood, and hereditary predisposition. Despite multiple prior measures, including unsupervised dermaroller use, the condition continued to progress. An individualized classical homeopathic approach, supported by advanced hair exosome–based aesthetic therapy, resulted in stabilization of hair loss, improvement in hair density, and enhanced health-related quality of life (HRQL). This case demonstrates a positive transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic inflammatory pigmentary disorder with significant psychosocial impact, often showing partial or temporary response to conventional therapies. This case study presents a middle-aged woman with long-standing LPP associated with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), recurrent itching, metabolic comorbidities, and deep emotional stress related to caregiving responsibilities. Despite multiple dermatological and supportive treatments over several years, the condition showed recurrence and persistence. Individualized classical homeopathic intervention resulted in sustained improvement in pigmentation, complete relief from itching, better metabolic stability, and marked enhancement in emotional well-being and self-confidence. This case highlights a holistic transformation achieved through homeopathic treatment at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Hair loss following chemotherapy and major surgery is often multifactorial, with profound physical and psychological impact. Conventional and supportive measures frequently provide limited relief. This case report documents the successful classical homeopathic management of severe diffuse hair loss in a 39-year-old female with a history of lung cancer, chemotherapy, surgery, hypothyroidism, and emotional distress. A holistic individualized approach based on totality of symptoms and constitutional prescribing resulted in sustained clinical improvement and psychological restoration. A marked transformation in physical, emotional, and quality-of-life parameters was achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in young males is frequently associated with psychological distress and functional systemic complaints, often inadequately managed by conventional therapies. This case report presents a 23-year-old male suffering from progressive AGA, scalp seborrhea, anxiety, breathlessness, and functional gastric complaints, with unsatisfactory response to prior allopathic management. A classical homeopathic approach based on individualization, totality of symptoms, and miasmatic understanding was adopted. Over systematic follow-ups, significant improvement was observed in hair fall, scalp condition, associated systemic complaints, and mental well-being. This case highlights holistic recovery and improved health-related quality of life, demonstrating a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Alopecia areata is a chronic autoimmune dermatological condition often associated with emotional stress and psychological imbalance. Conventional and supportive therapies frequently fail to achieve sustained improvement. This case study documents the successful management of alopecia areata in a young female patient through individualized classical homeopathic treatment at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic. A comprehensive evaluation of mental generals, physical generals, and particular symptoms was undertaken, followed by repertorisation and miasmatic assessment. Progressive improvement was observed at both physical and psychological levels, with stabilization of hair loss and restoration of emotional well-being. This case highlights a holistic transformation achieved through classical homeopathy at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis often associated with autoimmune tendencies and significant cosmetic distress. Conventional management frequently offers only symptomatic relief with unpredictable outcomes. This case report presents the successful management of a middle-aged female suffering from LPP with positive antinuclear antibodies, unresponsive to prior conventional therapies. A holistic classical homeopathic approach focusing on mental generals, constitutional susceptibility, and miasmatic background resulted in sustained clinical improvement and enhanced quality of life. This case highlights a clear transformation achieved at Dr Batra’s® Homeopathy Clinic.
This work reports the development of a UV-induced thiol–ene photografting process applied to cellulosic paper in a batch reactor, enabling homogeneous and controlled surface functionalization. Parametric optimisation revealed that increasing the thiol concentration from 0.05 to 0.20 mol•L⁻¹ raised the grafted sulfur content from 0.18% to 1.02%, while thiol conversion reached 98% after 90 min of irradiation at 15 mW•cm⁻². FT-IR spectra confirmed the appearance of characteristic grafting bands (C–S at 700–750 cm⁻¹, disappearance of S–H at 2550 cm⁻¹), and XPS analysis showed an S 2p doublet at 163.8 eV, indicating the formation of thioether linkages. SEM micrographs revealed no degradation of the fibre network and the presence of a uniform grafted film. The performance achieved demonstrates the strong potential of the UV thiol–ene process as a robust, energy-efficient and easily scalable strategy. Its key advantages include mild operating conditions (25–35 °C), the absence of undesired by-products, high selectivity and excellent reproducibility. This approach represents a promising route for the development of advanced cellulosic materials, opening new opportunities for applications in packaging, catalysis, functional membranes and smart surfaces.
Although Kenya ranks consistently among the top countries in Africa in research output, there is a stark disparity between national research production and its uptake in the marketplace.This paper explores the challenges of research commercialization in Kenya, identifying structural, financial, policy, cultural, and institutional barriers that hinder public and private universities and research institutes from translating innovations in scientific, technological, agricultural, and health fields into marketable products. The investment in research and development in Kenya remains low at about 0.8% of GDP, far below the 2% target set by the Science, Technology and Innovation Act. Furthermore, over half of research funding comes from foreign donors, leading to fragmented financing and weak links between academia, government, and industry. These conditions have resulted in under-resourced laboratories, insufficient commercialization infrastructure, weak university–industry partnerships, and cultural challenges such as limited entrepreneurial orientation and public mistrust of new technologies. Intellectual property management issues further impede progress, as relatively few research outputs are patented or otherwise protected and commercialized. The case studies in this paper illustrate these obstacles. For example, the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization’s (KALRO) development of a genetically modified cassava resistant to mosaic and brown streak diseases has faced protracted regulatory approval processes and public misinformation, delaying its commercialization. Likewise, several universities have launched startup incubators and innovation hubs to spin off research-based enterprises, but these initiatives often struggle with limited funding and support. Overall, the report concludes that the country needs comprehensive systemic reforms. These include increased Research and Development (R&D) investment, stronger policy incentives, improved intellectual property support, and enhanced public–private collaboration. These shall strengthen research commercialization efforts and ensure Kenya’s innovations contribute to socio-economic development.
The agricultural sector in South Asia, especially countries like Bangladesh, China, and India, relies heavily on cotton, a crop vital to both the economy and the global textile industry. However, cotton production faces significant challenges from leaf diseases, which can drastically reduce crop yield, impacting farmers’ livelihoods and the region’s economy. Traditional methods for detecting these diseases involve manual inspection, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to error. Although machine learning and deep learning approaches have been developed for automated disease detection, most existing models require large datasets and high computational resources, limiting their applicability in resource-constrained areas. This paper presents a novel, lightweight ensemble model optimized for detecting cot- ton leaf diseases on mobile devices using a small dataset. Leveraging transfer learn- ing, our approach enables farmers to use as few as 40 known images to fine-tune the ensemble model directly on their devices, achieving high classification accuracy even with minimal data. We evaluate four pre-trained models—ResNet50, MobileNetV2, EfficientNetB0, and InceptionV3—and compare their effectiveness. After trans- fer learning, ResNet50 achieved the highest accuracy of 97.87%, and InceptionV3 achieved 93.61%, demonstrating their suitability for small-scale, mobile-friendly ap- plications. The ensemble model achieved a classification accuracy of 95.7% through averaging and 97.87% using majority voting. This approach empowers farmers in de- veloping regions by providing a practical, adaptable tool for early disease detection, potentially reducing crop loss and enhancing yield with limited resources.
The study of culture and its embodiment within the urban environment can be challenging. This challenge is more remarkable in Africa, specifically in Burkina Faso. Despite that Ouagadougou has become a metropolitan hub within the surrounding cities, academic literature in the role of music in urban development is not well traced within a geographical perspective.Hence the interest of this paper. Highlighting then urban music production through the local language, while emphasizing the role of the artists who have supported the rise of urban music in Burkina Faso, is something that should be encouraged. It may be of interest to geographers to seek an understanding of the urban process and its dynamics in this context. The aim of this study is to contribute to the enrichment of musical literature by focusing on local culture that uses the local language, such as Moore, in the production of urban music and its globalization.This study draws on the evolution of music and the main contributors in Burkina Faso. It considers music as a process of production and reproduction of the urban environment. Therefore, we have considered cultural history, the cultural landscape, and urban ecology as the fundamental concepts and theories, through which a methodological approach can be developed to outline the elements that have guided the “urbanization” of Burkina Faso local culture. How a local language like Moore hasbecome an instrument in shaping urban music is one of the questions that may find its answer within the role played by the first generation of musicians, and by the second generation represented by Alif Naaba and Floby, including the renewed interest of the urban population in reconnecting with their local heritage.
The Thiosemicarbazone derivative of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde represents a promising compound with significant clinical relevance due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. In this study, two experimental approaches were employed to evaluate its efficacy against both fastidious and non-fastidious microorganisms. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using a colorimetric assay, while antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed via the agar disc diffusion method. Data analysis was carried out using EUCAST and NCCLS guidelines to interpret zone diameters and MIC values. Graph Pad Prism software facilitated the comparison of inhibition zones and MIC values across various antibiotics. Additionally, WHONET 5.6 software was utilized to assess the epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFF) for the test compound, allowing for classification of bacterial isolates as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant. This integrative approach provided a robust assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the test compound in comparison with conventional antibiotics.
This study presents the first assessment of the morphometric traits, length-weight relationship, and condition factors of Sarpa salpa from the Ghar El Melh Lagoon in northern Tunisia. Specimens were sampled using traditional fishing gears to evaluate growth characteristics and population health. The results revealed a strong correlation between length and weight, with the species exhibiting isometric growth, indicating proportional increases in body dimensions. The relative condition factor reflected a healthy physiological status, suggesting favorable environmental conditions in the lagoon. These findings provide valuable baseline information on the morphometric and growth patterns of S. salpa, contributing to the understanding of its population dynamics, ecological adaptation, and sustainable management within this Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.
Quinazoline nucleosides are heterocyclic compounds of great importance in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This article aims to review the methods for the synthesis and characterization of some nucleosides 6,7-Dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4-(1H,3H)-Dione, focusing on the reactions between quinazolinones and sugars to produce alpha- and beta-analogues of these nucleosides. This work is expected to contribute to the field of medicinal chemistry and future drug development. The 6,7-Dimethoxy 2,4-(1H, 3H)-quinazolinone (2) was reflexed with HMDS from 1day using the Vorbruggen’s silylation method. The trimethyl silylquinazolinone (3) was reacted with 1-O-acetyl- 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose (4) afford three protected nucleosides (5,6 and 7) respectively. Debenzoylation of each of protected nucleosides by sodium metal in dry methanol affore the free nucleosides (8,9 and 10) respectively in good yield . The new synthesized compounds were characterized using the well-known spectroscopic (IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy).
Le recours aux psychologues en milieu organisationnel demeure limité au Bénin, malgré la croissance des risques psychosociaux et des besoins en accompagnement psychologique. Cette étude vise à analyser les processus de légitimation sociale du recours aux psychologues dans les organisations béninoises, en identifiant les résistances, les représentations et les stratégies de changement associées. Adoptée selon une approche mixte parallèle convergente, la recherche combine une enquête quantitative (n = 300 employés issus des secteurs public, privé et associatif) et une exploration qualitative conduite auprès de 25 acteurs-clés (psychologues, responsables RH, cadres et travailleurs). Les instruments ont mesuré la légitimation perçue, la stigmatisation liée à la santé mentale, le soutien organisationnel perçu et les intentions de recours. Les données qualitatives, recueillies à travers des entretiens semi-directifs, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique. Les premiers résultats révèlent une faible légitimation du rôle du psychologue, entravée par des résistances d’ordre culturel, structurel et managérial. Toutefois, les organisations disposant d’une politique explicite de bien-être au travail manifestent une meilleure acceptabilité des interventions psychologiques. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’une stratégie intégrée de sensibilisation, de formation et de communication institutionnelle pour ancrer durablement la place du psychologue dans la culture organisationnelle béninoise. L’étude contribue ainsi à la compréhension des dynamiques psychosociales du changement en contexte africain.
Information technology is increasingly evolving towards a model of standardized services provided in a way similar to traditional public utilities such as water, electricity and gas. Within this paradigm, a considerable number of users access services according to their needs, regardless of where they are hosted or how they are delivered. Consequently, effective resource management becomes crucial. Despite the number of virtual machine management algorithms, the proposal of new techniques is required in order to tackle issues related to the optimal use of resources. Our proposal is based on the dynamic allocation of virtual machines (VMs) to meet the needs of users. In this work, we propose an algorithm for creating, adjusting and removing VMs based on requests, while ensuring optimal use of data center resources. Our reel-time algorithm adjusts resources leading to cost reduction and therefore performance improvement.
Salicylic Acid (SA) is a phenolic compound and nomenclature of it being called as SA is because it was first isolated from the bark of willow plant bearing the taxonomic name, Salix alba. SA has been extensively studied for their physiological roles on growth and metabolism of plants, stress-protective properties against numerous abiotic stresses like heat, chilling, freezing, drought, flooding, oxidative, salt, radiation, heavy metals stresses and biotic stresses. The present review is to understand the role of SA as a potential plant growth regulator (PGR).
This study explore the scientometric assessment of tardigrades research publications from 2004–2024 based on data from the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases and used a systematic approach to assess outputs, citation counts and annual increments for the two-decade period. The analysis shows that there is an upward trajectory over the years in the number of publication outputs, with scopus peaking at 95 publications in 2019, and WoS peaking with 101 publications in 2024. Citation metrics suggest an increasing scientific visibility, with 3,129 Scopus and 3,184 WoS peak citations in 2020, having more than doubled in the last 10 years, most likely reflecting the growing interest in tardigrades as a subject of research. The Publication Efficiency Index (PEI) was different in the two databases Scopus had a maximum PEI of 41.18 in 2017 and WoS a maximum PEI of 34.51 in 2021, and find a very high growth rate in the number of publications in the first years between 2008 to 2012, this growth slowed down over time until it seems to have been re-energized between 2018 to 2024, as discussed in the Annual Growth Rate (AGR) and Doubling Time (DT) analyses. Key contributors to tardigrades research include prominent authors such as Kaczmarek, L., and Michalczyk, L., with substantial publication counts. The top journals, Zootaxa especially, appear to be able to proffer a firm stage for research. Both databases listed United States and Poland as major contributing countries. The study, the research areas connected to tardigrades range from zoology to environmental sciences to agricultural biology.These findings emphasize the importance of further studies on tardigrades, especially in ecological, genomic and applied contexts, to comprehend their ecological roles and adaptations.
Background: Depression is a mental health condition that involves persistent sadness, loss of interest, and changes in thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, significantly impacting daily life. While depression is a real illness with available treatments like psychotherapy and medication, seeking help from a medical or mental health provider is crucial for diagnosis. According to the homoeopathic concept, physical disease can make changes in the mental/emotional state and vice versa. It attempts to go to the core of the disease in each individual patient. Research suggests that a mixture of genetic, biological, environmental and psychological factors play a role in depression. Depression can occur along with other serious diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease and Parkinson’s disease.11 Depression can make these conditions worse and vice versa. Sometimes, medications taken for these diseases may cause side effects that lead to depression symptoms.12A systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study from 2007 to 2017 estimated that depressive disorders along with low back pain and headache disorders are the three leading causes of years lived with disability (YLD). Between 1990 and 2007, the number of all-age YLDs attributable to depressive disorders increased by 33.4% A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies indicates that insomnia is significantly associated with an increased risk of depression. Research has also identified other risk factors for depression like cognitions and cognitive processes; stressors; certain sociodemographic factors, such as being female; parental depression and certain traits, behaviour patterns and dispositions. Dr Samuel Hahnemann (1796–1843), founder of Homoeopathy, was a pioneer in the diagnosis and classification of mental diseases. He advocated humane treatment for mental illness. He opposed the practice of chaining mental patients and granted respect to them which was revolutionary at its time.13 Homoeopathy states that the body and mind are integrated. According to the homoeopathic concept, physical disease can make changes in the mental/emotional state and vice versa. It attempts to go to the core of the disease in each individual patient. The ‘totality of symptoms’ in an individual patient comprises all changes observable on physical as well as mental/emotional sphere. A homoeopathic ‘similimum’ is the medicine that matches the totality of the patient’s physical and mental/emotional symptoms, irrespective of which came first.14 Objectives: To find out effectiveness of homoeopathy in treatment of depression. Materials and Methods: 30 cases with features of depression were considered for the study. : A study was done to evince the scope of homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of depression. Searches were done in both general and specialised databases. The data were collected from peer-reviewed journals published between January 2001 and January 2021.. Necessary investigations were done. Prescription was done with reference to standard text books of Materia Medica. Dose, frequency and repetition was based on subjects susceptibility. Assessment and evaluation was done after 4 months with HAM-D. Result: All the cases selected for the study showed good prognosis and the cases improved within a time period of 4 months. Even though the time taken for improvement varied, all the cases selected for the study showed good prognosis and the cases improved within a time period of 4 months. Conclusion: A course of Homoeopathic treatment is associated with significant benefits in patients with features of depression, as measured by HAM-D scale.